An end-system in computer networking refers to any device that directly interacts with users or applications. Essentially, it’s the endpoint of communication within a network.
Key Characteristics:
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User Interaction: End-systems are designed to interact directly with users or applications.
- Examples:
- Personal Computers: Desktops, laptops, and mobile devices.
- Servers: Web servers, mail servers, database servers.
- IoT Devices: Smartphones, smartwatches, smart home devices, industrial sensors.
- Examples:
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Application Execution: End-systems host and execute applications that generate and consume data.
- Examples:
- Running web browsers, email clients, and other applications.
- Hosting websites and providing services to other devices on the network.
- Examples:
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Network Connectivity: End-systems connect to the network through network interfaces, such as Ethernet ports, Wi-Fi adapters, or cellular modems.
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Data Origination and Termination: End-systems are the source and destination of data within a network. They originate data (e.g., sending emails, browsing websites) and receive data from other devices on the network.
In Contrast to Intermediate Devices:
- Intermediate Devices: These devices facilitate communication between end systems.
- Examples: Routers, switches, hubs.
- They do not directly interact with users or applications. Their primary function is to forward data packets between different parts of the network.
Conclusion:
End systems are fundamental components of any computer network. They provide the interface between users and applications and the underlying network infrastructure, enabling the exchange of information and the delivery of services.